在JIT下，waste is defined as any activity that does not add value to the product or service in the eyes of the customer.
日本Shigeo Shingo发现有
七大浪费：
１、过渡生产
２、等待
３、运输
４、库存
５、移动(motion)
6、waste of making defects
7、waste of processing itself; eg: when the product should not be made or the process should not be used.
消除浪费的６种方法：１、move/transit time reduction.
2, setup time reduction
3, lot size reduction
4, throughp……
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APICS-CPIM