畅享博客 > Stand Up for Love > 工作学习 > 商务英语学习笔记(MBA) 1
2007-9-20 16:49:24

商务英语学习笔记(MBA) 1

Adventure和venture
Venture无论写法或意思和adventure都很相近,两词都有danger(危险)和risk(冒险)的含意,此外也有going somewhere和progressing(前进)的意思,所以很多词典把这两词都解作[冒险],然而venture和adventure无论解释和用 法都有分别。

Adventure应解作[历险],就像参加原始森林的旅程,是完全没有想象过,或不能想象会遇到的事情;例:
We had quite an adventure when we were on holiday in Europe. We got lost on the Alps(我们在欧洲旅行时遭遇了一次历险。我们在阿尔卑斯山上迷途)!

Adventure的意思如上例所述的,一定是exciting(刺激)和unusual(不寻常)的,有时甚至会是[明知山有虎,偏向虎山行]式的冒 险。相反,venture是经过深思熟虑才进行的,虽然未必能预测每一步,可是绝不像adventure般单凭胆色和热诚去盲闯。Venture这词常用 于商业活动,如business venture指开拓新的业务范围;例:
"I heard you were involved in some sort of business venture in the Philippines."
"Yes, we opened a small recording studio in Manila. It turned out to be a winner-- far better than we expected."
([听说你在菲律宾开展了新的生意。][是的,我们在马尼拉开了一间小型录音室,生意极佳,远远超出我们的预期。]

Business venture指的可以是新的市场或行业,只要是从未接触过的都算是新的业务,而在新业务里所需要的正是a spirit of adventure (冒险精神)。

Advice/Advise

Advice最为人熟识的解释是『忠告』,『意见』,『劝告』,例:
Our advice is that you should sell your stocks immediately and re-invest the amount realized in government bonds. (我们给你的忠告是立刻卖了手上的股票,并把所得金钱投资于政府债券)。

Advice基本上是uncountable noun(不可数名词),若要用量词的话,可用a piece of/a bit of/a word of/a few words of,不过advice也有plural form的,但advices是指来自远方的商业或专业行情,例:
Advices from our Tokyo branch have prompted us to pull out from the stock market(来自东京分公司的消息促使我们撤出股市)。

此外,advice note和letter of advice都是商业文件,是寄运货物或接洽业务的通知文件。

Advice的verb(动词)to advise在商业往来中常有以下用法,例:
Please advise us when the goods are dispatched(请通知我们货物付运的日期)。

上例中,讲者并非请求别人给他忠告,而是很正式和客气的询问情况。此外,to advise也有『指示』的含意,例:
Clients are advised to consult a solicitor before investing in the property market in China's mainland(我们忠告客户投资于中国大陆房地产前咨询律师的意见)。

其实上例中『指示』的意思比『忠告』更贴切,但因为『指示』的语气太直接,而说话的对象又是客户,所以还是用to advise语气比较正式和婉转。

Appreciate

我们花了很多时间,不怕艰苦,排除万难去完成某件工作或任务,事后老板为表示感激我们,会对我们说“We appreciate very much the excellent job you have done.”

Appreciate也指『欣赏』,有『对某事物有一定的兴趣及认识』的含意,例:
If we appreciate music, it doesn't necessarily follow that we know how to play it ourselves.

此外,在商业书信来往中,appreciate一字出现率颇高,但其意和上面提及的『欣赏』音乐有所不同;例:
We greatly appreciate your getting the goods to us at such short notice.在这句里,“We greatly appreciate...”和“Thank you for...”含意相同。

Appreciate一字常被误用We would appreciate if you would...。Appreciate这个动词解作『感激』时,须要接宾语(object),否则会如前面例句一样,出现语法上的问题。上面一句的正确 说法应为We would appreciate it if you would pay your bills on time. Appreciate可改用被动语态,即变成It would be much appreciated if you would pay your bills on time.但读者须留意这句语气没有前句那样亲切。

Appreciate的另一用法是指某东西『增值』;例:
The value of this property has appreciated substantially in the past year.其意指『这物业价值在过去一年有显著的升幅。』读者有没有留意到appreciate解作升值时是不需接宾语(object)的?

Not available微妙之处

Available指某物『有现成的』,『可以取用/使用的』;例:
The software manuals you were looking for are now available if you still need them(你想借的软件手册,如你仍需要的话,现在可以借给你了)。

Available亦可用来形容人;例:
Mr Chan is available now(陈先生现在有空)。

Available是个微妙的词,能令句子减少个人化的语气,听起来比较有礼貌。举例说,同事到自己工作的部门借阅一份活页夹,如该活页夹正有人用,可以有以下两种不同的响应:
例一:I'm sorry. You cannot have that file now.
例二:I'm sorry. That file is not available now.

说not available来推掉人家的要求,既能起say no的作用,也可免却一番解释。又或有人来访,或来电找老板,老板未能接见此人,秘书小姐们常用的句子是:
例三:I'm sorry. Mr Johnson is at a meeting right now.
例四:I'm sorry. Mr Johnson is not available right now.

在例三中,假如对方知道Mr Johnson不是在开会,只是闭门不见人时,可能引起不愉快的事情。例四只说Mr Johnson没空,比较安全,而且省去了解释Mr Johnson去了哪里或在做什么。

Bargain

Bargain这词的解释会因其part of speech(词类)不同而异,作为verb指『讨价还价』,而作为noun则指『买卖协议』。骤看两个解释并无关联,可其实是同一商业活动的过程和结果;例一:
The labour union bargained with the management for a shorter working week when they negotiated the renewal of workers' contract.(工会与资方谈判工人续约时为缩短每周工时讨价还价。)

例二:Your part of the bargain is to supply the goods to the specifications agreed; our part is to come up with the necessary finance.(根据协议,你们负责提供符合议定规格的货物,我们则负责提供所需的资金。)

Bargain是自古就存在的商业活动,指supply(供)和demand(求)双方讨价还价,达成双方都认为合理和可接受的约定,所以bargain 可以指『谈判过程』也可指由谈判达成的协议。不过bargain的解释不能完全以它的part of speech来断定。
例三:We went through three days of hard bargaining before we could get the other side to agree to a price.(我们经过三天艰难的讨价还价才能使对方落实价钱。)

在例一中,bargain是verb,在例二中是noun,而在例三中是gerund(动名词)。虽然动名词如名词般使用,可是基本上是动词,所以bargaining的解释仍是『讨价还价』。学习英语词汇时,不能光靠死记词类的解释,也要看词句的意思再融会贯通。
如果说I've got a bargain,意思是以低廉的价钱买到高质素的货品,虽然未至于占人家便宜,可是总觉得物超所值。因为bargain一词已包含了good的意思,所以 无需说a good bargain。尽管如此,a good bargain(占便宜的交易)和a bad bargain仍是常用的短语,但bargain在这里相当于deal(交易)。

至于to drive a hard bargain的意思指在商议交易时坚持对自己最有利的条件和价钱;例:When George bought his new car, he drove a real hard bargain. Not only did he save close to $2,000 but also got air-conditioning and car stereo from the car manufacturer. (George买新车时,成功地与车行议价,不但省了差不多二千元,而且还得到车行赠送原厂冷气和音响。)

To drive a hard bargain没有相对的中文解释,指用尽心机使对方同意自己开出的苛刻条件。

不过,也不是凡bargain都是hard的。 To strike a bargain指达成协议;例:
They were unable to strike a bargain for the flat because the owner's asking price was much more than what the prospective buyer could afford.(他们不能达成买卖楼宇的协议,因为业主开出的价钱远高于买家能负担的。)

与to bargain配合使用的介词有with, over, for, on, in和into,先谈with和over;例:
Dealers bargain with growers over the price of coffee beans.(咖啡商人与农民为咖啡豆的价钱讨价还价。)

上例用了to bargain with somebody over something这形式。除了with和over这两个介词外,to bargain也可以和for配合使用;例:
David thought that his new job would be a less stressful one than his last one, but it turned out to be more than what he had bargained for.(David以为他的新工作会比以前的轻松,可是后来才发觉比他想象的还要差。)

To bargain for的意思与to bargain with sb. over sth. 完全无关。 To bargain for的用法和语气是informal(非正式的),有负面的意思,常用以表达『没有想象,预料到』。bargain on也有类似的意思;例:
You really can't bargain on what our opponents will do in such a competitive situation.(你实在难以预料我们的对手会在竞争这样剧烈的情况下采取什么行动。)

虽然to bargain for 和to bargain on的意思相若,都指『预料』,『计算』,形式却不同。To bargain on后面使用的是noun clause或noun phrase.

In/into the bargain是另一非正式用语,指『此外』;例:
Richard Courtney is a distinguished neurologist and a gifted painter into the bargain. (Richard Courtney除了是杰出的神经学家外,也是有天分的画家。)

To book
大家都知道book作为名词的解释和用法,这里谈谈book作为verb的意思,例:
My secretary has booked a table for our luncheon today.(我的秘书已为我们今日的午餐订桌。)

To book在这里的意思是to make reservation(预订或留位),符合to book的一贯意思『记录』,因为要预订的话,对方会把日期,时间和数量记录在record book内。所以『满座』亦叫to be booked up;例:
This hotel is booked up for the Christmas holidays so we will have to look for another place to stay.(这家酒店圣诞期间房间已预订一空,我们得另找地方住宿。)

除了『订位』这个意思外,to book还指『抄牌』,例:
Stephen was booked for exceeding the speed limit when he was driving home last night.(Stephen昨晚驾车回家途中因超速而被抄牌。)

上例中,Stephen犯了交通条例,交通警员要把他的资料记录在档案内,准备对他采取行动。除警察外,球证也可以『抄牌』,例:
He was booked by the referee for foul play.(他因为犯规被裁判登记。)

除上述例子外,to book还有其它不大常用的意思,譬如『投注』,『打赌』是to keep a book on something(英式英语)或to make (a) book on something(美式英语),所以说book这个词的意思千变万化。

To bounce的商业用语

To bounce是弹的意思。假如把网球向地面掷去,网球就向上bounce back。在商业英语中,股价急跌后大幅回升,叫作to bounce back。
例一:After eight consecutive days of falling prices, the Stock Market unexpectedly bounced back this afternoon with an encouraging 120 points.

例句意思是『股市连续八天下跌后,今午突然反弹,升幅达一百二十点,令人鼓舞』。股市反弹,当然是正面的表现,但to bounce用于支票交易时,意思就大不相同了。我们先看例句:
例二:The cheque Paul issued for paying his salaries tax has been bounced by the bank. He didn't realize there wasn't enough funds in his account to cover his cheque.

全句意思是『Paul用来交工资税的支票被银行退票。他忘记了帐户存款不够支付支票』。句中的bounced也有『弹回』的含意:收款人把支票存入帐户,可是出票人帐户存款不足,因此银行把支票退回收款人。要注意的是to bounce a cheque只可作口语用。


Seeking a candidate

To seek和to look for都是公司招聘员工,在报纸的求职广告上常用到的词,例:
Our company is seeking an experienced marketing manager to lead a team of account executives.(我们公司正在物色一位资深的市场经理来领导一组客户代表。)或We are looking for outstanding candidates to join our new R&D Department.(我们正寻求杰出人才加入本公司新设的研究及发展部门。)

这两个词的意思虽然相同,但结构并不一样:to look for(寻求)是phradal verb,由动词和介词组成;而to seek(物色)不用任何介词跟随,可能由于两个词的解释和用法相近,所以常在招聘广告中看到to seek被错误运用,例:
A leading garment group is now seeking for high-calibre candidates for the above-mentioned post.(一家大成衣集团正物色有高度才干的人担任上述职务。)

上句应更正为:A leading garment group is now seeking high-calibre candidates for the above-mentioned post.

除to seek和to look for之外,to invite和to require也是招聘常用的字眼,例:
A solicitor's firm in Central invites applications for the post of secretary.(中区律师行聘请秘书。)或:
A listed company urgently requires an accountant.(上市公司急需一名会计师。)

Chair

Chair的解释几乎连三岁小孩都懂得,但商业英语中chair不但指『椅子』,而且往往指『主席』或『主持』,例:
All remarks in the Board meeting should be addressed to the chair, Mr. Lai.(董事会上有话该向主席黎主席说。)

Chair在上例中用作名词,解释是『主席』。其实主席的原有名词是chairman,不过因为
-man这个suffix除了指『人类』,亦指『男性』,为了避免性别歧视,现在已不常用了,取而代之的是chairperson或chair,本来 chairwoman,chairlady或lady chairman也可解决『女主席』这个文字上的矛盾,但这些名词笨拙,又解决不了对任何性别的偏袒,所以chairperson甚至chair这些中性 名词就流行起来了。

沿着这个意思,to chair这个动词即指『主持(会议)』,例:
Amy chaired the first meeting of the newly established Publishers' Association.(Amy主持刚成立的出版社协会第一次会议。)

To take the chair的意思与to chair一样,指『主持会议』或『就任主席』,至于to leave the chair则是『结束会议』。会议主席的首要任务是主持开会宣布闭会,保持会议程序流畅,所以相应的词汇都与chair有关。

此外chair也指大学里教授的讲座,例:
Dr.Smith holds the chair of philosophy at Oxford University.(Smith博士在牛津大学教授哲学。)

Cheque的配词

前文提及支票退票的用词。其实在商业英语中,与支票有关的其它用词不少,只是我们往往没有留意罢了。

在香港,一般用英式英语(British English),所以支票是cheque,但美式英语(American English)则是check。令人混淆的是餐厅结帐的帐单,美式英语也叫check,英式英语则叫bill,而bills在美式英语是指『纸币』 (banknotes)。说了一堆,可能令读者更加混淆,下面试把各词列表,或许有助分辨得清楚一点:

英式英语 美式英语
支票 a cheque a check
帐单 a bill a check
二十元纸币 a twenty-dollar note a twenty-dollar bill

我们续谈与支票有关的用词,先看看下面例句:
例一:When we put the cheque into the account, the bank advised us that the signature of the account holder was required as one of the digits on the cheque had been altered. (wrong)

例二:We would prefer your sending us a cross cheque. (wrong)

例一语法上是正确的,但意思则有点问题:说『我们把支票存进帐户时~』,似乎正确无误,但实际上犯了技术错误,因为支票是交给银行存入帐户的,所以例一应 改为“When we presented the cheque to the bank,...”。例二的“a cross cheque”该是“a crossed cheque”--『已划线的支票』。

Clear作形容词的用法

Clear可用作形容词,也可用作动词。用作形容词时,一般指『清澈的』,如a clear day, clear water。Clear也解作『清晰的』,如a clear voice。假如上司给你一堆指示,然后问Are you clear about what you have to do?那即是说『你清楚要做些什么吗?』遇到这种情况,如有不明白的地方,最好马上弄清楚,不要瞎猜乱估,以免把事情弄糟。

有朋友问,他和一位从事销售的人交谈,提及有关收入状况时,听到人家说“I earn about $80,000 a year clear”,句中的clear究竟何解?其实clear一词在句中和net解法相同,指『净赚』,全句意为『我每年约净赚八万块』。所谓『净赚』,是指 扣除税项及其它开支后的收入。

Clear一词往往也作『明显』解,先看看例句:
例一:On hearing that the shipment contained television cases rather than completely-assembled television sets, everyone felt that this was a clear case of fraud.

全句意为『大家听到这批货竟然只是电视机壳而非完整的电视机时,都觉得这显然是诈骗』。

Clear另一用法见下例:
例二:Can you please keep next Friday clear for the time being? I will call back later to confirm the exact meeting time.

Clear在句中指『无阻的』,或『没有其它事情的』,全句意为『下星期五可否暂时不作其它安排?我迟些时再和你通电话确定会议的时间』

在商业英语中,clear的另一常见用法多和办理手续时有关。我们先看看下面例句。
例一:The bank has advised that it will take five clear days to process the loan application.

所谓clear days,在办理手续时常用到,一般不计开始办手续的首天,亦不计手续办好的一天,因此例一中的five clear days其实可能前后合计是七个工作天。遇到这种情况,最好问清楚需要五个工作天还是七个工作天。

Clear也用作动词。处理支票过户是to clear a cheque,用法可见下例:
例二:This is a crossed cheque, so don't expect the bank to clear it by tomorrow.

全句意为『这是划线支票,不要期望银行能明天前把支票过户』。

To clear也可作『清除』或『整理』解,下面是例句:
例三:Can you think of a way to clear our leftover stock without giving it away free?

全句意为『你能否想出办法把我们的剩余存货处理掉而不用免费送出』?

此外,to clear something with someone是指『获得某人许可,批准做某事』。例句:
例四:The plan has not been cleared with the manager. We'd better put it on hold until he has approved it. 『这计划还没有得到经理批准。我们最好暂时把它搁置,到经理批准后才进行。』

Commensurate在招聘广告中的常见用法

打开星期六英文报纸招聘版,不消一会便找到六,七个错用commensurate一字的广告。据记忆,最常见错用commensurate的句法包括: Starting salary commensurates qualifications and experience; Salary / Remuneration will be commensurated with qualifications and experience.我们试在此解释以上两句的问题。

Commensurate是形容词(adjective)。这字以-ate结尾,可能因此被误以为是动词。事实上,英文动词确有部分是以-ate结尾的, 如co-ordinate, operate, reciprocate, compensate, appreciate, replicate, collaborate等。此外,串法和读音与commensurate相当接近的commiserate是动词,把commensurate误作动词也 难怪!其实亦有一些非动词同样是-ate结尾的,如cognate,corporate,obstinate,proportionate等。

文章开头两句中,commensurate很明显被误用作动词。Commensurate在句中指『相称』,用时后面多有with字。因此,两句正确写法 应为:Starting salary will be commensurate with qualifications and experience. Salary / Remuneration will be commensurate with qualifications and experience.有些英语词典以proportionate(按比例)来解释commensurate这字,但读者切勿以为在上列句子中可用 proportionate取代commensurate。Commensurate是『相应』,『相称』的意思,和『按比例』有颇大分别。

To receive a commission未必和收佣金有关

从事销售业的人,如推销员,房地产经纪人,是靠佣金作为主要收入的。当然,收入多少直接和生意额有关。在英文里,佣金一词是commission。Commission一词多作名词用,但也用作动词。当作名词用时,除指『佣金』外,还有其它用法,先看下面例句:
例一:As an agent, we required one-percent commission (of the sales price) from both the buyer and the vendor.

例二:We are most pleased to receive a commission to design the largest shopping arcade in Hong Kong.

例三:The Board of Directors has commissioned Prisy, Anni and Minesen to design our new office in Wanchai.

例一中的commission是比较常见的用法,注意one-percent commission前不须加不定冠词a。另句中vendor一词或许比较陌生,指一宗买卖的卖方或卖家。例二中to receive a commission (to complete a job)指『受委托(完成一件工作)』,与收佣金全无关系。全句意思为『我们很高兴获委托设计全港最大商场』。Commission作『委托』或『委任』 解时,牵涉的工作多与创作或艺术有关。例三的to commission (someone) (to do a job),是commission作动词用时最常见的用法。Commission在例二及例三中主要是名词和动词之别。要留意的是请人家做某件工作时,事 情必需是特别的,和创作有关的才可用to commission一词。我们请同事送一份文件到某处,千万不可说:We have commissioned John to deliver the document to Mr. Wong's office.这用法是不正确的。

Commission作名词用时,另一个我们熟悉的用法是指(负有专责)的公共或政府『委员会』或『部门』,如ICAC-Independent Commission Against Corruption(廉政公署)。

To comprise还是to comprise of

To comprise和to consist两个动词都指『包括』,『组成』,『构成』。这两动词常被用错。我们先看下面例句。
例一:The desk set comprises of two pen holders, a leather-bound writing pad and a card holder.

例二:The company plans to set up a working group consisting representatives from various sections to study the proposal.

例一中comprises不应接介词of。可能有些人惯见同义的to consist of,就不自觉的把comprise写成comprise of。例二句中,consisting后必须接介词of。换句话说,to consist才有介词跟在后面,to comprise是不需要介词of的。当然,在上面两例句中,to comprise和to consist of可以互相替代。

至于to include一词和上面两词的分别,是用to include时不必(或不应)把成份或组成内容全部列出来,但用to comprise和to consist of则须把所有成份或内容列出。例五中提到的组合跟例三和例四的分别十分明显。
例三:The set comprises both the pendant and the necklace.
例四:The set consists of both the pendant and the necklace.
例五:The set includes the necklace.

很明显,例五中的项链只是整套东西的一个部分。

Concern

Concern有好几个解释,先谈『关于』这个解释,例:
Concerning the recent fall in value of the Japanese yen, we do not propose to take any immediate action as we expect a major correction within the next few days.(关于日元近日下跌,我们不建议立即采取行动,因为我们预期日元几日内会有重大调整。)

Concerning这个preposition(介词)的意思跟regarding,with respect to,with reference to大同小异。此外,商业公告中常见的抬头to whom it may concern(致有关人士)亦有『关于』的含意。

若对某事很担忧,但恐怕表现得过分紧张,就可用concern这词,例:
The Managing Director is concerned about the recent hike in raw material prices.(董事总经理对近日原料价格急升很关注。)

上例中to worry(担忧)也适用,不过这词程度上比较严重,而且不能表达『关注』的意思,所以还是用to concern比较贴切。

除『关注』外,concern也可指『事务』,『职责』,例:
One of the building supervisor's main concerns is to ensure that all security systems are properly maintained.(大厦监督其中一个职责是确定所有安全系统保养良好。)

Concern也可指『关系』,例:
I cannot understand why Doris is always asking for the minutes of our meetings--the business of this committee is no concern of hers. (我不明白Doris为什么常向我们索取会议记录;这委员会的事务完全和她无关。)
什么时候可以在to consider后面加上as
To consider是常用的动词,尤其多用于公司的会议记录。看看例句:
例一:The proposal to re-structure the Production Department was considered by the Committee.

句中considered指『考虑』,全句意思是『委员会已考虑生产部改组的建议』。To consider除指『考虑』外,还有一常用解法,但二者很易混淆,而且因句法略有不同,容易出错。我们再看下面例句:
例二:Unless all parties concerned have agreed on the solution, it is inappropriate to consider the matter settled.
例三:The Selection Panel is seriously considering the last candidate as a choice for the post.
例四:The Selection Panel considers the last candidate a possible incumbent for the post.

例二中的consider并不指『考虑』,而是指『认为』或『看作』。全句意思是『除非有关各方均同意这解决方法,这件事不应看作已获解决』。这用法的关 键是to consider指『认为』或『看作』时,后面不应加上as,因to consider the matter (to be) settled中to consider的宾语之后已有to be隐藏其中,因此不可再加上as。

例三中,considering指『考虑』,句法结构是to consider (someone/something) as (something)。但例四的considers则指『认为』,上文说过这词的宾语后已有to be 隐藏其中,因此不应再加上as。

Cold

Cold指『冷冻』,这词除了用于天气外,商界常用以指『反应冷淡』,『不感兴趣』,例:
“How did the management react to Larry's proposal?”(『管理层对Larry的建议有何反应?』)
“Quite coldly! They said there were many better ways of handling the problem.”(『很冷淡,他们说处理这问题有许多更好的方法。』)

『冷淡』和『不感兴趣』都是商界人事关系中某种反应,更甚的可以是『不欢迎』,cold shoulder便有此意思,例:
Tim's small company has got the cold shoulder from Mr. Lee's corporation, which says that the business tycoon is not interested in any joint-venture.(李先生的机构冷淡地拒绝了Tim的小公司的合作建议,理由是李先生对任何合资计划均不感兴趣。)

Cold shoulder的意思不只是『不欢迎』或『反应冷淡』,而是故意作出不友善的姿态或行动,叫对方知难而退。Cold shoulder除了可在to give somebody the cold shoulder这些动词词组中作名词用外,也可用作动词,例:
I think we should cold-shoulder the entire idea proposed by the Sunrise Company since their bad business practices might damage our company's image and reputation.(我认为我们该冷淡回绝Sunrise公司的整个建议,因为他们的不良经营手法可能损害我们公司的形象和信誉。)

Cold storage是另一个有关的用语,指『冷冻收藏』,譬如女士的皮草在夏季要冷冻收藏来保存。这用语表面上和商业活动无关,其实往往用来形象化地形容事情 给搁置。To put...in cold storage与to put...on the shelf不一样:计划给put on the shelf就是完全搁置,再无翻案的机会;如果计划给put in cold storage,只不过是暂时搁置;例:
Don't feel bad about your proposal being put in cold storage. After all, the boss said in the meeting that a team would be set up to study its feasibility when our busy period is over.(不要因为你的建议给暂时搁置而不高兴,毕竟老板在会上答应工作繁忙期后会成立小组研究建议的可行性。)

此外,cold call也是一个常用的商业词汇。营业员或市场推广员经常make cold calls。这个call不一定是电话会谈,也可以是上门拜访,正因双方完全不认识,也从没有任何联系,而且cold call的对象事先不知道会收到call,所以cold『冷漠』这个意思便用得上了,但cold并非指会面的态度,而是指双方事先并不相识,例:
Making cold calls to potential clients is one of the strategies of insurance underwriters.(给可能投保却不相识的人打电话或拜访他们是保险经纪的一个策略。)

和deadline有关的一些词语(一)

任何生产部门都会根据订单的限期(deadlines)来制订工作计划。办公室里很多事情也是以限期作工作指针的。用英文表达限期的方法是很直接的;例: The deadline for the goods to be made ready for packing is May 20. 以下是两句和限期有关的问题句子:
例一:The report has to reach our office by no later than the end of the month.
例二:The amendments to your quotations need to be returned to us on or by 20 April.

例一的问题是既用by,又用no later than。By...是指『...之前』,no later than...指『不迟于...』,也即是『在...之前』,两个方式解法和用法完全相同,用其一已足够。可能因为中文的说法是『不能迟过月底之前』,因 此出现by no later than,这是不正确的。

例二的问题是虽有介词习语on or before...,但其实与by...意思相同,因此on or by是把习语混淆了。如单用on,意思就会完全不同,变成指定在该日送回。

此外,before也是和限期有关的,但与上面提及的有点不同。一位朋友看见月结单上写着Please pay before February 28, 2004,于是在二月二十八日去银行直接付帐,但三月的月结单却加上了一项过期付款附加费,原来他误以为二月二十八日是付款期限。可能因为by, no later than及on or before等介词都是以列出的日期作为期限,惟独before...不包括列出的日子,所以这朋友要多付一点费用。下次续谈一些和deadline有关 的动词。

一些和deadline有关的介词和词组,如by, no later than, on or before。日常订下的工作计划很多时候都需要把限期提前或推迟。和改变限期有关的动词时常用到,现试讨论一些问题句子。
例一:The contractor has asked for the deadline for completing the renovations work to be lengthened by a week.
例二:The Production Manager is gauging his team's ability to cope with the client's request to shorten the deadline for dispatching the order.

例一问题出在to be lengthened。To lengthen指『加长』或『延长』,在中文来说,『延长限期』这说法并无不妥,但英文则不能说to lengthen a deadline,正确的动词应为to extend (a deadline),因此句中to be lengthened应改为to be extended。

例二中to shorten虽可解作『缩短』,但英文则不能把to shorten和deadlines一起用。因为deadline是a point in time,and a point cannot be lengthend or shortened。英语的句法是把缩短期限视作提前期限,即to advance the deadline或to bring forward the deadline。

若可在限期前把事情做妥或把货物付运,可以说:We are able to meet the deadline.另外一句we managed to beat the deadline并不是『我们能打垮期限』,而是指『赶及在期限前办妥』。

形容deadline十分紧迫,可以说a tight deadline。这些词的组合,对初学英语的人来说是比较难掌握的。

I am sorry to disturb you

在工作场合常听到人用to disturb这词,尤其是一方正埋头苦干,而另一方急于办妥手上的事而需要对方帮忙的时候,这动词更常用,例:
I am sorry to disturb you, but would you mind going through the memo before I distribute it to the staff? (抱歉打扰,你可不可以先看一看这传条,我再把它分发给员工?)

To disturb在这种情况下的用法,除了指『打扰人家』,也包含了『请求帮忙』的意思,不过这种忙不能太过份,只可以是小人情(favor),不会占对方太多时间和精力。因为要打扰人家的工作,所以用to disturb的时候,必须先道歉后请求,而且态度要客气。

如果对方在进行重要的工作,不好意思打扰,但偏偏手上的事非常要紧,就可用to interrupt(打断)这个词,例:
I am sorry to interrupt your meeting, but there is an urgent long-distance call for Mr. Chow.(很抱歉打断你们的会议,但刚接到找周先生的紧急长途电话。)

To disrupt(中断)和to interrupt有相近的解释,但表示干扰的程度很大,对方差不多要把手上的工作完全放下来办求问者的事,例:
I am sorry to disrupt your work but the Marketing Director is calling an urgent meeting in 30 minutes and wants you to attend.(很抱歉打断你的工作,可是市场总监三十分钟后会召开紧急会议,希望你出席。)

虽然同是打扰人家,to disturb, to interrupt和to disrupt在程度上分别很大。


如果以为to interfere和to intervene也适用于这种情况,那就错了,因为to interfere指『干扰』,有负面含意,例:
He constantly interferes with the decision-making process.(他常干扰决策过程。)

如把to interfere套用,说I am sorry to interfere with your work,无论意思和语气都不恰当。

To intervene(介入)这个词则没有正或负面的含意,例:
Nothing important intervened between the meetings.(会议之间没有重要的事发生。)

但如果把这个词套用,说I am sorry to intervene with your work,说话的语气就变得太正式(formal)和严重了,失了to ask for a favour的意味。

如果要求人家办的事是比较棘手的,询问时的语气要加倍客气,可以用to bother或to trouble,例:
I am sorry to bother/trouble you.(很抱歉要麻烦你。)
Could I just disturb you for a moment?(可否打扰你一会?)

前文和本文提到的词都适用于与工作有关的面对面接触,但不适用于书信往来,因为有要紧的事要办,才能要求对方立刻腾出空档来帮忙,要是在书信中使用,对方已经在读信了,并非做其它事情,这个请求就不成立,而且语气也太婉转了。

Feet

商业英语里很多形容词和肢体有关,今次谈feet『脚』。Dragging one's feet指『极不愿意』,例:
"What has happened to the Ryder contract, Sam? Haven't they signed it yet?"
"No, they seem to be dragging their feet on that one. Perhaps they are waiting for our annual report to come out."
(『Sam,Ryder的合约怎么了?他们还没有签约吗?』
『还没有,他们拖延着不愿签约,也许在等我们的年报出来吧。』)

上例中dragging one's feet是比喻(metaphor),形容拖延时间,不愿意做某件事,有如小孩不愿上学,不肯把脚提高大步走,而是拖着脚步缓慢前进。

Falling on one's feet是另一个比喻,形容安然无恙地渡过困境,例:
KK was made redundant last year, but now he has a new job at almost twice the salary of his last one. He has fallen on his feet all right.(KK去年因人员过剩给解雇,但他找到了新工作,薪酬差不多是从前的两倍。他安然渡过困难了!)

Falling on one's feet这个比喻来自猫天生的本领。猫儿即使从高处堕下,往往能四平八稳地安全着陆,所以这个比喻就用来形容化险为夷,安然渡过困境。


形容安然渡过难关可以用to fall on one's feet。可是未必每次都能顺利渡过难关,有时难免遇到挫折和失败,最重要的是在逆境后能get back on one's feet(挫折后重新振作)。例:
Tim's parents helped a lot when he lost his job. We are really glad to see that he is back on his own feet now.(Tim的双亲在他失业时帮了他很多,幸好他现在已重新振作,我们都很高兴。)

To get back on one's feet原来说的是大病初愈,不过现在已普遍用来形容从逆境中复原。

另一用语to find one's feet指在新的环境找到立足点,从而加强信心,例:
“Will Tess be able to manage the Freiberg account?”
“Only time will tell. She has never done anything as complex as that before, so I expect it will take her a while to find her feet.”
(『Tess能不能搞好Freiberg这客户?』
『这要等一段时间才清楚。Tess从没处理过这样繁复的事,我估计她要一段时间才会习惯。』)

To find one's feet这个比喻来自婴孩,婴孩学习步行,总是需要一段时期,踏出第一步不但要有信心,也需要熟悉环境和掌握所需技巧。

feet的singular form(单数):foot。

To start off on the wrong foot指『一开始已出错』,例:
Our manager is very particular about punctuality, so on your first day at work here you had better not arrive late——that would really be starting off on the wrong foot.(我们经理对守时极为重视,所以你第一天上班千万不要迟到,那样有个坏的开头。)

To start off on the wrong foot这比喻来自跳舞。跳社交舞时如果一方开始时错了步法,另一方很自然的会跟着错,所以这短语用来形容一开始便犯错,有点事事不顺利的意思;另一意思 相同的短语是to get off to a bad start,和其意思相反的有to get off to a good start和to start on the right foot,均指『一开始就事事顺利』。

另外to put one's foot in it指『一时大意做/说了冒犯人的事情』,例:
Charlie really put his foot in it when he told Mrs. Saville that her shoes did not match her business suit. Mrs. Saville thinks she is the best dressed woman in town.(Charlie说Mrs. Saville的鞋和套装不配衬,实在出言冒犯;她以为自己是全城衣着最佳的女士呢。)

To put one's foot down则指『坚决压制』,例:
Arthur CAMe in wearing jeans and sports shoes this morning. The boss says he's going to have to put his foot down about that.(Arthur今早穿着便服和球鞋上班。老板说他有必要严办。)


与foot有关的用语实在多不胜数,除了前文所提及的外,还有to shoot oneself in the foot,例:
Our marketing strategy is a total disaster. Not only have our sales fallen, but because of our latest set of adverts, the competition have gone up! We have virtually shot ourselves in the foot.(我们的市场推广计划彻底失败。不但销路下降,由于我们近期的广告,竞争对手地位还上升了,我们这次真是自讨苦吃了。)

To shoot oneself in the foot这比喻源自弓箭手和枪手。为安全起见,他们往往把手上的武器指向地,可是假如武器走火,还是会射伤自己的脚。To shoot oneself in the foot这用语就指『因计划失误而害了自己』。

另外to have a foot in the door生动地形容了用脚顶着门,使门不能关上,好让自己登堂入室。例:
It's difficult to get a foot in the door of publishing. Daniel is wasting his time going from publisher to publisher if he doesn't have any connections at all.(要打进出版界非常困难。要是Daniel没有人事关系,到处见出版商也只是浪费时间。)

To put a foot wrong的意思显然指『行差踏错』,『做错事』,例:
I have never ever known the Boss to put a foot wrong, no matter how delicate the issue is.(不论事情如何棘手,我从没见过老板出岔子。)

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请问有2,3,4吗

发布者 匿名用户
2007-10-16 22:15:30



发布者 匿名用户
2007-10-27 16:18:35


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